Pronoun सर्वनाम - MPSC Complete Notes.

Pronoun सर्वनाम - MPSC Complete Notes 3000 Words

1. Pronoun म्हणजे काय? व्याख्या व महत्व

व्याख्या: वाक्यात नामाची पुनरावृत्ती टाळण्यासाठी नामाच्या ऐवजी जो शब्द वापरला जातो त्याला 'सर्वनाम Pronoun' म्हणतात. 'Pro' म्हणजे 'ऐवजी' आणि 'Noun' म्हणजे 'नाम'.

उदाहरण: Ram is a boy. Ram is intelligent. Ram goes to school. ❌
Ram is a boy. He is intelligent. He goes to school. ✅
इथे 'Ram' या नामाची पुनरावृत्ती टाळण्यासाठी 'He' हे सर्वनाम वापरले.

MPSC महत्व: Pronoun हा English चा पाया आहे. Error Spotting, Sentence Correction, Fill in the blanks मध्ये 3-4 प्रश्न हमखास येतात. 2015-2024 च्या सर्व MPSC PYQ मध्ये Pronoun वर प्रश्न आलेले आहेत.

2. Pronoun चे 10 मुख्य प्रकार - MPSC साठी

A. Personal Pronoun पुरुषवाचक सर्वनाम

जे सर्वनाम व्यक्तींच्या नावाऐवजी येते. याला 3 Persons व 3 Cases असतात.

Person	Nominative कर्ता	Objective कर्म	Possessive Adjective	Possessive Pronoun
1st Person	I, We	Me, Us	My, Our	Mine, Ours
2nd Person	You	You	Your	Yours
3rd Person	He, She, It, They	Him, Her, It, Them	His, Her, Its, Their	His, Hers, Its, Theirs

MPSC Golden Rule 1: Preposition नंतर नेहमी Objective Case येते.
Between you and me ✅ Between you and I ❌
Let him go. ✅ Let he go. ❌
Golden Rule 2: Than, As नंतर Nominative Case येते.
He is taller than I. ✅ He is taller than me ❌ Spoken मध्ये चालते पण MPSC मध्ये I बरोबर.

B. Possessive Pronoun संबंधवाचक सर्वनाम

मालकी दाखवणारे. यानंतर Noun येत नाही. Mine, Ours, Yours, His, Hers, Theirs.

Possessive Adjective vs Pronoun:
This is my book. My = Possessive Adjective + Noun
This book is mine. Mine = Possessive Pronoun. Noun येत नाही.

MPSC Trap: Its vs It's
Its = Possessive. The dog wagged its tail.
It's = It is / It has. It's raining. = It is raining.

C. Reflexive Pronoun आत्मवाचक सर्वनाम

जेव्हा कर्ता व कर्म एकच व्यक्ती असते तेव्हा वापरतात. -self / -selves ने शेवट.
Myself, Yourself, Himself, Herself, Itself, Ourselves, Yourselves, Themselves.

उदा: I hurt myself. She killed herself. They enjoyed themselves.

MPSC 5 नियम:
1. Subject Singular तर Reflexive Singular. I-myself, He-himself.
2. Emphatic Use: कर्त्यावर जोर देण्यासाठी. I myself saw him. मी स्वतः पाहिले.
3. Acquit, Avail, Absent, Resign, Apply, Enjoy, Pride या Verbs नंतर Reflexive येते.
He absented himself. ✅ He absented ❌
4. Keep, Stop, Turn, Qualify, Bathe, Move, Rest यांच्यासोबत Reflexive येत नाही.
He qualified. ✅ He qualified himself ❌
5. I, Myself and Ram will go. ❌ Rule: 231 = 2nd, 3rd, 1st Person.
You, He and I will go. ✅

D. Demonstrative Pronoun दर्शक सर्वनाम

जवळच्या किंवा लांबच्या व्यक्ती/वस्तूकडे बोट दाखवणारे. This, That, These, Those.

This/These: जवळचे. Singular-This, Plural-These.
That/Those: लांबचे. Singular-That, Plural-Those.

Pronoun vs Adjective:
This is my book. This = Demonstrative Pronoun. Noun नाही.
This book is mine. This = Demonstrative Adjective + Noun.

E. Interrogative Pronoun प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनाम

प्रश्न विचारण्यासाठी. Who, Whom, Whose, Which, What.

Who: कर्त्यासाठी. Who is there?
Whom: कर्मासाठी. Whom did you see?
Whose: मालकीसाठी. Whose book is this?
Which: मर्यादित पर्यायातून निवड. Which is your car?
What: अमर्याद पर्याय. What is your name?

MPSC Rule: Preposition नंतर Whom येते, Who नाही.
To whom are you talking? ✅ To who are you talking? ❌

F. Relative Pronoun संबंधी सर्वनाम

दोन वाक्ये जोडणारे व आधीच्या नामाशी संबंध दाखवणारे. Who, Whom, Whose, Which, That.

Who: व्यक्तीसाठी कर्ता. The boy who is honest.
Whom: व्यक्तीसाठी कर्म. The boy whom I saw.
Whose: व्यक्ती/प्राणी मालकी. The boy whose father is a doctor.
Which: प्राणी/वस्तूसाठी. The book which is on the table.
That: व्यक्ती, प्राणी, वस्तू सर्वांसाठी. All, Any, None, Only, Superlative Degree नंतर फक्त That.

MPSC Imp Rule of THAT:
1. He is the best student that I have ever seen. ✅ Which ❌ कारण Superlative 'best' आहे.
2. All that glitters is not gold. ✅ Which ❌ कारण All आहे.
3. This is the only book that I have. ✅ Which ❌ कारण Only आहे.

G. Indefinite Pronoun अनिश्चित सर्वनाम

अनिश्चित व्यक्ती/वस्तूसाठी. One, Someone, Anyone, Everyone, No one, All, Some, Many, Few, Both, Each, Either, Neither.

MPSC 3 Rules:
1. Each, Either, Neither, Everyone, Anybody, Nobody = Singular.
Each of the students has a book. ✅ have ❌
2. Both, Few, Many, Several = Plural. Both are good.
3. One of the + Plural Noun + Singular Verb:
One of the boys is absent. ✅ are ❌

H. Distributive Pronoun विभाग दर्शक

समूहातील प्रत्येक सदस्यासाठी वेगवेगळे. Each, Either, Neither.

Each: दोन किंवा जास्त. Each of the students.
Either: दोघांपैकी एक. Either of the two boys.
Neither: दोघांपैकी एकही नाही. Neither of them is present.

I. Reciprocal Pronoun परस्परवाचक

परस्पर संबंध दाखवणारे. फक्त 2.
Each other: दोघांमध्ये. Ram and Sham help each other.
One another: दोघांपेक्षा जास्त मध्ये. We should love one another.

3. MPSC PYQ मधील 25 Golden Rules of Pronoun

1. Rule 123: चूक कबूल करताना - I, You and He are guilty. 1st, 2nd, 3rd Person.
2. Rule 231: चांगल्या कामासाठी - You, He and I will go. 2nd, 3rd, 1st Person.
3. Let, Between, But, Except नंतर Objective Case. Let me go. Everyone but him.
4. It is I who am to blame. ✅ It is me ❌ Be Verb नंतर Nominative.
5. Than, As नंतर Nominative. He is better than I. ✅ me ❌
6. One must respect one's country. One नंतर one's, his/her नाही.
7. Everyone must do his duty. Modern: his/her or their. MPSC मध्ये His चालतो.
8. Either of the two boys is absent. Either/Neither + Singular Verb.
9. The boy who helped you is my brother. Who नंतरचे Verb आधीच्या Antecedent 'boy' नुसार.
10. Which of these books is yours? Which नंतर Plural Noun.
11. Who are you looking for? ❌ Whom are you looking for? ✅ कारण Preposition 'for' चे Object.
12. He and I are friends. ✅ Me ❌ कारण कर्त्याच्या जागी Nominative.
13. My friend and me went there. ❌ I ✅
14. None of the students has done his work. None = Singular/Plural दोन्ही, पण Formal मध्ये Singular.
15. A number of students are absent. A number of = Plural.
16. The number of students is large. The number of = Singular.
17. Every student must bring his book. Every + Singular.
18. Many a student is absent. Many a + Singular Noun + Singular Verb.
19. It was me that you saw. ❌ I ✅ It + Be Verb + Nominative.
20. He is one of the best students who have passed. Who चा Antecedent 'students' Plural म्हणून 'have'.
21. He is the only one of the students who has passed. Who चा Antecedent 'one' Singular म्हणून 'has'.
22. Avail yourself of this chance. Avail नंतर Reflexive + of.
23. He absented himself from class. Absent नंतर Reflexive.
24. I cannot agree to your proposal. Agree नंतर To.
25. There is no objection to my going there. Preposition नंतर Gerund + Possessive.

4. MPSC सराव - 30 MCQ with Explanation

1. Let ___ go there.
   A) he B) him C) his D) he himself
   Ans: B Let नंतर Objective Case.
2. Between you and ___, he is a liar.
   A) I B) me C) myself D) mine
   Ans: B Preposition नंतर Objective.
3. One must do ___ duty.
   A) his B) her C) one's D) their
   Ans: C One नंतर one's.
4. It is ___ who is to blame.
   A) me B) I C) myself D) mine
   Ans: B Be Verb नंतर Nominative.
5. Each of the boys ___ got a prize.
   A) have B) has C) are D) were
   Ans: B Each + Singular Verb.
6. He is one of the soldiers who ___ died for country.
   A) has B) have C) is D) was
   Ans: B Who चा Antecedent 'soldiers' Plural.
7. Who did you give the book ___?
   A) to B) to whom C) to who D) to which
   Ans: B Preposition नंतर Whom.
8. Neither of the two pens ___ working.
   A) are B) is C) were D) have
   Ans: B Neither + Singular.
9. He is the best teacher ___ I have ever met.
   A) which B) who C) that D) whom
   Ans: C Superlative नंतर That.
10. I, you and he ___ guilty.
    A) is B) am C) are D) was
    Ans: C Rule 123, चूक कबूल करताना, Plural Verb.
11. You, he and I ___ going to school.
    A) is B) am C) are D) was
    Ans: C Rule 231, चांगल्या कामासाठी.
12. All ___ glitters is not gold.
    A) which B) that C) who D) whom
    Ans: B All नंतर That.
13. Many a man ___ died for freedom.
    A) have B) has C) are D) were
    Ans: B Many a + Singular.
14. The committee ___ divided in its opinion.
    A) is B) are C) was D) has
    Ans: B मतभेद असेल तर Plural.
15. None of the food ___ left.
    A) is B) are C) have D) were
    Ans: A Food Uncountable, Singular.

5. Pronoun च्या चुका - MPSC मध्ये हमखास येणाऱ्या 10

चुकीचे	बरोबर	नियम
Between you and I	Between you and me	Preposition + Objective
It is me	It is I	Be + Nominative
One should do his duty	One should do one's duty	One-ones
Each of the students have	Each of the students has	Each + Singular
He availed of the chance	He availed himself of the chance	Avail + Reflexive
He is the best which I know	He is the best that I know	Superlative + That
Who did you see?	Whom did you see?	कर्मासाठी Whom
The dog hurt itself's leg	The dog hurt its leg	Its = Possessive, Itself's नाही
Myself I saw him	I myself saw him	Emphatic: I myself
One of the boy is absent	One of the boys is absent	One of the + Plural

MPSC Final Tip: Pronoun चे 25 Rules + 30 MCQ पाठ करा. रोज 1 तास Pronoun चा सराव करा.
Revision: ही Post Bookmark करा व 3 वेळा वाचा. MPSC 2025 मध्ये Pronoun वर 4 Mark पक्के.

English Noun - MPSC Level Complete Notes

1. नाम Noun - मूलभूत संकल्पना

व्याख्या: वाक्यात कोणत्याही व्यक्ती, प्राणी, वस्तू, स्थान, कल्पना, गुण, किंवा अवस्थेचे नाव दाखवणाऱ्या शब्दाला 'नाम' म्हणतात. नामाला 'Naming Word' असेही म्हणतात.

उदा: Mahatma Gandhi, Maharashtra, Lion, Book, Honesty, Army, Gold, Childhood.

MPSC Trick: कोणत्याही शब्दापुढे "कोण/काय" हा प्रश्न विचारला व उत्तर मिळाले तर तो शब्द नाम आहे.
प्रश्न: कोण आला? उत्तर: Ram - म्हणून Ram हे नाम आहे.

2. नामाचे वर्गीकरण - 8 मुख्य प्रकार

A. Proper Noun व्यक्तिवाचक नाम

एखाद्या विशिष्ट व्यक्ती, प्राणी, वस्तू, स्थान, दिवस, महिना, सण, पुस्तक, संस्था याचे नाव. हे नेहमी मोठ्या अक्षराने सुरू होते.

उदाहरणे: Narendra Modi, The Ganga, January, Diwali, The Ramayana, Google, India.

महत्वाचा नियम: एकापेक्षा जास्त शब्द असतील तर प्रत्येक महत्त्वाच्या शब्दाचे पहिले अक्षर Capital.
उदा: The Times of India, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University.

B. Common Noun जातिवाचक नाम

एकाच जातीच्या/प्रकारच्या सामान्य व्यक्ती किंवा वस्तूचे नाव. हे विशिष्ट नसते.

उदा: man, woman, city, river, state, book, teacher, student.

Proper vs Common: Mumbai - Proper Noun, City - Common Noun. प्रत्येक Proper Noun ला एक Common Noun असते.

C. Collective Noun समुच्चयवाचक नाम - MPSC साठी अतिमहत्वाचे

व्यक्ती, प्राणी किंवा वस्तूंच्या समूहाला एकाच नावाने संबोधले जाते.

समूह	Collective Noun
गायी/हत्ती	A herd of cattle/elephants
मेंढ्या/पक्षी	A flock of sheep/birds
मधमाश्या	A swarm of bees
सिंह/लांडगे	A pride of lions, A pack of wolves
मासे	A shoal/school of fish
खेळाडू/सैनिक	A team of players, An army of soldiers
न्यायाधीश/मंत्री	A bench of judges, A cabinet of ministers
चोर	A gang of thieves
फुले/किल्ल्या	A bouquet of flowers, A bunch of keys
जहाजे	A fleet of ships
पुस्तके	A library/pile of books

MPSC Rule: Collective Noun नंतर Verb Singular की Plural?
1. समूह एक म्हणून काम करतोय - Singular Verb: The team is winning.
2. समूहातील सदस्य वेगवेगळे काम करतायत - Plural Verb: The team are arguing among themselves.

D. Material Noun द्रव्यवाचक नाम

ज्या पदार्थापासून इतर वस्तू बनवल्या जातात. हे मोजता येत नाहीत, फक्त मापता येतात. Weight, Litre ने मोजतात.

उदा: gold, silver, iron, copper, wood, plastic, milk, water, sugar, rice, sand, tea.

महत्वाचा नियम: Material Noun च्या आधी a/an/the वापरत नाहीत. पण विशिष्ट केल्यास 'the' वापरतात.
The gold of this ring is pure. इथे 'gold' Common Noun झाले.

E. Abstract Noun भाववाचक नाम

ज्या गोष्टींना आपण पाहू, स्पर्श करू शकत नाही, फक्त अनुभवू शकतो. भावना, गुण, अवस्था, क्रिया, शास्त्र, कला.

उदा: honesty, bravery, wisdom, love, hatred, youth, childhood, death, slavery, music, science.

Abstract Noun बनवणे:

1. Adjective पासून: Kind-Kindness, Wise-Wisdom, Poor-Poverty, Strong-Strength, True-Truth
2. Verb पासून: Laugh-Laughter, Live-Life, Know-Knowledge, Advise-Advice, Die-Death
3. Common Noun पासून: Friend-Friendship, Child-Childhood, King-Kingdom, Slave-Slavery

3. नामाची वचने Number - MPSC च्या सर्व नियमांसह

Singular: एक संख्या. Boy, Pen.
Plural: एकापेक्षा जास्त. Boys, Pens.

A. Plural बनवण्याचे 12 नियम + अपवाद

नियम	Singular	Plural	अपवाद MPSC Imp
1. +s	Cat, Book	Cats, Books	-
2. s,ss,sh,ch,x,z,o +es	Bus, Bush, Box, Hero	Buses, Bushes, Boxes, Heroes	Photo-Photos, Piano-Pianos, Dynamo-Dynamos
3. व्यंजन + y = ies	Baby, City, Army	Babies, Cities, Armies	स्वर + y = s. Boy-Boys, Key-Keys
4. f/fe = ves	Wife, Knife, Leaf, Thief	Wives, Knives, Leaves, Thieves	Roof-Roofs, Chief-Chiefs, Gulf-Gulfs, Proof-Proofs
5. स्वर बदलून	Man, Woman, Foot, Tooth, Goose	Men, Women, Feet, Teeth, Geese	-
6. en/ren जोडून	Child, Ox	Children, Oxen	-
7. Singular=Plural	Sheep, Deer, Fish, Series, Species	Sheep, Deer, Fish, Series, Species	Fishes = माशांचे वेगवेगळे प्रकार
8. फक्त Plural	-	Scissors, Trousers, Spectacles, Tongs, Alms	A pair of scissors
9. लॅटिन शब्द	Datum, Radius, Formula, Axis	Data, Radii, Formulae, Axes	Agendum-Agenda
10. Compound Noun	Son-in-law, Passer-by	Sons-in-law, Passers-by	मुख्य शब्द Plural करा

4. Countable & Uncountable Nouns - MPSC साठी

Countable Nouns	Uncountable Nouns
1. मोजता येतात: one book, two pens	1. मोजता येत नाही: water, milk
2. a/an वापरतो: a book, an apple	2. a/an वापरत नाही: an advice ❌
3. Many/Few/A few: many books	3. Much/Little/A little: much water
4. Plural होते: books, cities	4. Plural होत नाही: informations ❌

MPSC मध्ये वारंवार विचारले जाणारे Uncountable Nouns: Advice, Information, Furniture, Luggage, Baggage, Work, Money, Poetry, Scenery, News, Equipment, Machinery, Bread, Hair.
योग्य वापर: A piece of information, An item of furniture, A loaf of bread, A strand of hair.

5. नामाची लिंगे Gender

1. Masculine पुल्लिंग: boy, king, lion, husband, nephew, drone
2. Feminine स्त्रीलिंग: girl, queen, lioness, wife, niece, bee
3. Common Gender: teacher, student, doctor, friend, parent, cousin
4. Neuter Gender: table, book, house, gold

MPSC साठी 25 महत्वाचे Masculine-Feminine

Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine
Actor	Actress	Poet	Poetess
Prince	Princess	Host	Hostess
Hero	Heroine	Waiter	Waitress
Lion	Lioness	Tiger	Tigress
Bull	Cow	Cock	Hen
Horse	Mare	Dog	Bitch
Gander	Goose	Drake	Duck
Monk	Nun	Wizard	Witch

6. नामाची विभक्ती Case

1. Nominative Case कर्ता: वाक्यात कर्ता म्हणून काम करणारे नाम.
Ram killed Ravana.
2. Objective Case कर्म: क्रियापदाचे कर्म. Ram killed Ravana.
3. Possessive Case षष्ठी: मालकी दाखवते. 's किंवा of.
Ram's book. The leg of the table.

Rule: निर्जीव वस्तूसाठी 's वापरत नाहीत. Table's leg ❌ The leg of the table ✅
अपवाद: वेळ, वजन, अंतर साठी चालते. A day's work, A pound's weight.

7. MPSC PYQ मधील 20 महत्वाचे नियम व चुका

1. The + Adjective = Plural Common Noun: The rich are not always happy. The blind need help.
2. News, Mathematics, Physics, Innings, Politics - दिसायला Plural पण Singular. The news is good.
3. Cattle, People, Police, Gentry, Peasantry - नेहमी Plural. The cattle are grazing. The police have arrived.
4. One of the + Plural Noun + Singular Verb: One of the students is absent. ✅ are ❌
5. Each/Every/Either/Neither + Singular Noun + Singular Verb: Each student has a book.
6. A number of = Many + Plural Verb: A number of students were present.
   The number of = Singular: The number of students is large.
7. Verb + ing = Gerund = Abstract Noun: Swimming is a good exercise.
8. Compound Noun: मुख्य शब्द Plural करा. Mother-in-law → Mothers-in-law. Passer-by → Passers-by.
9. Dozen, Hundred, Thousand: विशिष्ट संख्या असेल तर s लागत नाही. Two hundred rupees.
   पण अनिश्चित असेल तर s लागतो. Hundreds of people.
10. Some Nouns चे 2 Plural वेगळ्या अर्थाने:
    Brother - Brothers सख्खे भाऊ, Brethren धर्मबंधू.
    Cloth - Cloths कापडाचे तुकडे, Clothes कपडे.

8. MPSC सराव प्रश्न 25 MCQ

1. `A ___ of worshippers` रिकाम्या जागी काय येईल?
   A) group B) congregation C) herd D) crowd
   Ans: B
2. Plural of `Mouse` Computer साठी?
   A) Mice B) Mouses C) Mouse D) Meese
   Ans: B
3. Which is Abstract Noun?
   A) Gold B) Team C) Childhood D) Mumbai
   Ans: C
4. `The committee ___ unanimous in its decision.`
   A) is B) are C) were D) have
   Ans: A एकमत म्हणून Singular
5. Feminine of `Drone`?
   A) Queen B) Bee C) Worker D) Doe
   Ans: B
6. Which is Uncountable?
   A) Chair B) Information C) Student D) City
   Ans: B
7. `He gave me a ___ of advice.`
   A) lot B) piece C) many D) few
   Ans: B
8. Plural of `Criterion`?
   A) Criterions B) Criteria C) Criterias D) Criteron
   Ans: B
9. `The news ___ not true.`
   A) are B) were C) is D) have
   Ans: C
10. `Mathematics ___ a difficult subject.`
    A) are B) is C) were D) have
    Ans: B
11. `One of my friends ___ a doctor.`
    A) are B) is C) were D) have
    Ans: B
12. Plural of `Son-in-law`?
    A) Son-in-laws B) Sons-in-law C) Sons-in-laws D) Son-in-law
    Ans: B
13. `The police ___ caught the thief.`
    A) has B) is C) have D) was
    Ans: C
14. Which is Collective Noun?
    A) Wisdom B) Jury C) Iron D) Mumbai
    Ans: B
15. `Two ___ rupees were found.`
    A) hundreds B) hundred C) hundred of D) hundreds of
    Ans: B

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