English Noun - MPSC Level Complete Notes

1. नाम Noun - मूलभूत संकल्पना

व्याख्या: वाक्यात कोणत्याही व्यक्ती, प्राणी, वस्तू, स्थान, कल्पना, गुण, किंवा अवस्थेचे नाव दाखवणाऱ्या शब्दाला 'नाम' म्हणतात. नामाला 'Naming Word' असेही म्हणतात.

उदा: Mahatma Gandhi, Maharashtra, Lion, Book, Honesty, Army, Gold, Childhood.

MPSC Trick: कोणत्याही शब्दापुढे "कोण/काय" हा प्रश्न विचारला व उत्तर मिळाले तर तो शब्द नाम आहे.
प्रश्न: कोण आला? उत्तर: Ram - म्हणून Ram हे नाम आहे.

2. नामाचे वर्गीकरण - 8 मुख्य प्रकार

A. Proper Noun व्यक्तिवाचक नाम

एखाद्या विशिष्ट व्यक्ती, प्राणी, वस्तू, स्थान, दिवस, महिना, सण, पुस्तक, संस्था याचे नाव. हे नेहमी मोठ्या अक्षराने सुरू होते.

उदाहरणे: Narendra Modi, The Ganga, January, Diwali, The Ramayana, Google, India.

महत्वाचा नियम: एकापेक्षा जास्त शब्द असतील तर प्रत्येक महत्त्वाच्या शब्दाचे पहिले अक्षर Capital.
उदा: The Times of India, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University.

B. Common Noun जातिवाचक नाम

एकाच जातीच्या/प्रकारच्या सामान्य व्यक्ती किंवा वस्तूचे नाव. हे विशिष्ट नसते.

उदा: man, woman, city, river, state, book, teacher, student.

Proper vs Common: Mumbai - Proper Noun, City - Common Noun. प्रत्येक Proper Noun ला एक Common Noun असते.

C. Collective Noun समुच्चयवाचक नाम - MPSC साठी अतिमहत्वाचे

व्यक्ती, प्राणी किंवा वस्तूंच्या समूहाला एकाच नावाने संबोधले जाते.

समूह	Collective Noun
गायी/हत्ती	A herd of cattle/elephants
मेंढ्या/पक्षी	A flock of sheep/birds
मधमाश्या	A swarm of bees
सिंह/लांडगे	A pride of lions, A pack of wolves
मासे	A shoal/school of fish
खेळाडू/सैनिक	A team of players, An army of soldiers
न्यायाधीश/मंत्री	A bench of judges, A cabinet of ministers
चोर	A gang of thieves
फुले/किल्ल्या	A bouquet of flowers, A bunch of keys
जहाजे	A fleet of ships
पुस्तके	A library/pile of books

MPSC Rule: Collective Noun नंतर Verb Singular की Plural?
1. समूह एक म्हणून काम करतोय - Singular Verb: The team is winning.
2. समूहातील सदस्य वेगवेगळे काम करतायत - Plural Verb: The team are arguing among themselves.

D. Material Noun द्रव्यवाचक नाम

ज्या पदार्थापासून इतर वस्तू बनवल्या जातात. हे मोजता येत नाहीत, फक्त मापता येतात. Weight, Litre ने मोजतात.

उदा: gold, silver, iron, copper, wood, plastic, milk, water, sugar, rice, sand, tea.

महत्वाचा नियम: Material Noun च्या आधी a/an/the वापरत नाहीत. पण विशिष्ट केल्यास 'the' वापरतात.
The gold of this ring is pure. इथे 'gold' Common Noun झाले.

E. Abstract Noun भाववाचक नाम

ज्या गोष्टींना आपण पाहू, स्पर्श करू शकत नाही, फक्त अनुभवू शकतो. भावना, गुण, अवस्था, क्रिया, शास्त्र, कला.

उदा: honesty, bravery, wisdom, love, hatred, youth, childhood, death, slavery, music, science.

Abstract Noun बनवणे:

1. Adjective पासून: Kind-Kindness, Wise-Wisdom, Poor-Poverty, Strong-Strength, True-Truth
2. Verb पासून: Laugh-Laughter, Live-Life, Know-Knowledge, Advise-Advice, Die-Death
3. Common Noun पासून: Friend-Friendship, Child-Childhood, King-Kingdom, Slave-Slavery

3. नामाची वचने Number - MPSC च्या सर्व नियमांसह

Singular: एक संख्या. Boy, Pen.
Plural: एकापेक्षा जास्त. Boys, Pens.

A. Plural बनवण्याचे 12 नियम + अपवाद

नियम	Singular	Plural	अपवाद MPSC Imp
1. +s	Cat, Book	Cats, Books	-
2. s,ss,sh,ch,x,z,o +es	Bus, Bush, Box, Hero	Buses, Bushes, Boxes, Heroes	Photo-Photos, Piano-Pianos, Dynamo-Dynamos
3. व्यंजन + y = ies	Baby, City, Army	Babies, Cities, Armies	स्वर + y = s. Boy-Boys, Key-Keys
4. f/fe = ves	Wife, Knife, Leaf, Thief	Wives, Knives, Leaves, Thieves	Roof-Roofs, Chief-Chiefs, Gulf-Gulfs, Proof-Proofs
5. स्वर बदलून	Man, Woman, Foot, Tooth, Goose	Men, Women, Feet, Teeth, Geese	-
6. en/ren जोडून	Child, Ox	Children, Oxen	-
7. Singular=Plural	Sheep, Deer, Fish, Series, Species	Sheep, Deer, Fish, Series, Species	Fishes = माशांचे वेगवेगळे प्रकार
8. फक्त Plural	-	Scissors, Trousers, Spectacles, Tongs, Alms	A pair of scissors
9. लॅटिन शब्द	Datum, Radius, Formula, Axis	Data, Radii, Formulae, Axes	Agendum-Agenda
10. Compound Noun	Son-in-law, Passer-by	Sons-in-law, Passers-by	मुख्य शब्द Plural करा

4. Countable & Uncountable Nouns - MPSC साठी

Countable Nouns	Uncountable Nouns
1. मोजता येतात: one book, two pens	1. मोजता येत नाही: water, milk
2. a/an वापरतो: a book, an apple	2. a/an वापरत नाही: an advice ❌
3. Many/Few/A few: many books	3. Much/Little/A little: much water
4. Plural होते: books, cities	4. Plural होत नाही: informations ❌

MPSC मध्ये वारंवार विचारले जाणारे Uncountable Nouns: Advice, Information, Furniture, Luggage, Baggage, Work, Money, Poetry, Scenery, News, Equipment, Machinery, Bread, Hair.
योग्य वापर: A piece of information, An item of furniture, A loaf of bread, A strand of hair.

5. नामाची लिंगे Gender

1. Masculine पुल्लिंग: boy, king, lion, husband, nephew, drone
2. Feminine स्त्रीलिंग: girl, queen, lioness, wife, niece, bee
3. Common Gender: teacher, student, doctor, friend, parent, cousin
4. Neuter Gender: table, book, house, gold

MPSC साठी 25 महत्वाचे Masculine-Feminine

Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine
Actor	Actress	Poet	Poetess
Prince	Princess	Host	Hostess
Hero	Heroine	Waiter	Waitress
Lion	Lioness	Tiger	Tigress
Bull	Cow	Cock	Hen
Horse	Mare	Dog	Bitch
Gander	Goose	Drake	Duck
Monk	Nun	Wizard	Witch

6. नामाची विभक्ती Case

1. Nominative Case कर्ता: वाक्यात कर्ता म्हणून काम करणारे नाम.
Ram killed Ravana.
2. Objective Case कर्म: क्रियापदाचे कर्म. Ram killed Ravana.
3. Possessive Case षष्ठी: मालकी दाखवते. 's किंवा of.
Ram's book. The leg of the table.

Rule: निर्जीव वस्तूसाठी 's वापरत नाहीत. Table's leg ❌ The leg of the table ✅
अपवाद: वेळ, वजन, अंतर साठी चालते. A day's work, A pound's weight.

7. MPSC PYQ मधील 20 महत्वाचे नियम व चुका

1. The + Adjective = Plural Common Noun: The rich are not always happy. The blind need help.
2. News, Mathematics, Physics, Innings, Politics - दिसायला Plural पण Singular. The news is good.
3. Cattle, People, Police, Gentry, Peasantry - नेहमी Plural. The cattle are grazing. The police have arrived.
4. One of the + Plural Noun + Singular Verb: One of the students is absent. ✅ are ❌
5. Each/Every/Either/Neither + Singular Noun + Singular Verb: Each student has a book.
6. A number of = Many + Plural Verb: A number of students were present.
   The number of = Singular: The number of students is large.
7. Verb + ing = Gerund = Abstract Noun: Swimming is a good exercise.
8. Compound Noun: मुख्य शब्द Plural करा. Mother-in-law → Mothers-in-law. Passer-by → Passers-by.
9. Dozen, Hundred, Thousand: विशिष्ट संख्या असेल तर s लागत नाही. Two hundred rupees.
   पण अनिश्चित असेल तर s लागतो. Hundreds of people.
10. Some Nouns चे 2 Plural वेगळ्या अर्थाने:
    Brother - Brothers सख्खे भाऊ, Brethren धर्मबंधू.
    Cloth - Cloths कापडाचे तुकडे, Clothes कपडे.

8. MPSC सराव प्रश्न 25 MCQ

1. `A ___ of worshippers` रिकाम्या जागी काय येईल?
   A) group B) congregation C) herd D) crowd
   Ans: B
2. Plural of `Mouse` Computer साठी?
   A) Mice B) Mouses C) Mouse D) Meese
   Ans: B
3. Which is Abstract Noun?
   A) Gold B) Team C) Childhood D) Mumbai
   Ans: C
4. `The committee ___ unanimous in its decision.`
   A) is B) are C) were D) have
   Ans: A एकमत म्हणून Singular
5. Feminine of `Drone`?
   A) Queen B) Bee C) Worker D) Doe
   Ans: B
6. Which is Uncountable?
   A) Chair B) Information C) Student D) City
   Ans: B
7. `He gave me a ___ of advice.`
   A) lot B) piece C) many D) few
   Ans: B
8. Plural of `Criterion`?
   A) Criterions B) Criteria C) Criterias D) Criteron
   Ans: B
9. `The news ___ not true.`
   A) are B) were C) is D) have
   Ans: C
10. `Mathematics ___ a difficult subject.`
    A) are B) is C) were D) have
    Ans: B
11. `One of my friends ___ a doctor.`
    A) are B) is C) were D) have
    Ans: B
12. Plural of `Son-in-law`?
    A) Son-in-laws B) Sons-in-law C) Sons-in-laws D) Son-in-law
    Ans: B
13. `The police ___ caught the thief.`
    A) has B) is C) have D) was
    Ans: C
14. Which is Collective Noun?
    A) Wisdom B) Jury C) Iron D) Mumbai
    Ans: B
15. `Two ___ rupees were found.`
    A) hundreds B) hundred C) hundred of D) hundreds of
    Ans: B

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